Can we catch reality in a logical trap? Does logic structure the universe, or merely describe it? If logic, the logical division of reality between 'is' and 'is not', were hermetic in that division there could be no subjunctive. If 'if' is, then there is no 'if' about it, if 'if' is not, then it's all pretty iffy. Or, if there is a meaningful subjunctive, then logic, the mutual exclusion of being and non-being, is not the whole story. And so, we have to become a lot more convincing than school-boy (or girl!) appeals to logical consequences. This is no antinomy. There is something in being real that defies its antecedence and the laws of logical extension. Being is not a logical extension. We cannot find a locus of its becoming because it is not beat the trap of logical extension by fiat. The unity and units (extension) of reality cannot be counted in the same universe. But a universe in which what would otherwise be anomalous to it, but that, by the very receding from it of that anomaly, offers the rest some small gesture towards beating the count, then it is not anomaly at all, it is time. Time is that which asserts itself in departure, in being departed. Being is that departure. By changing everything, or offering everything a way of being that change, it is. And yet, it is by not being at all. Neither school logic nor 'that old time religion' can hold a candle to it, even if you light it at both ends.

What you are claiming is that the "law of contradiction" is embodied in the hermetic division between being and non-being, without reference to a quantifier. If you read Kant carefully, you will see that only referencing the quantifier renders this "law" valid a priori. And that being and non-being are contraries, not contradictories. The effect is to view all that is dynamic as static. This, in order to 'claim' a logical 'entail' by extension. The rejection of temporality is typical of this mentality.

The subject of models has been mentioned. In my opinion, models are at the heart of the matter. Pardon the pun. Nearly at the heart, anyway. But I think the actual heart of the matter is how the human mind operates. In my view it is a reality modeler. The mind continually imagines and re-imagines  what it is experiencing (perceiving).
I have been living for awhile now among people whose minds are disintegrating due to failure of their memory process. Their ability to invent, use and re-use their models of reality is leaving them. Older models have been with their owners much longer. These older models/memories have been longer developing and they take longer to disappear. But they do eventually succumb.
In summary, the mind develops as a collection of models/representations or stored impressions including imagined explanations for experience. It is this collection of models that comprises the self. It is this self that asks questions consistent with its collection of models. If the process of storage fails, the ability of a mind to exist and operate will fail. The ability to frame questions about reality also fails.
I think that questions like "why do things exist?" spring from the mind's collection of models. Minds model reality and constantly test their models for internal consistency. I think such questions are of the mind rather than of reality. No mind = no questions.
When this question was originally framed for discussion the moderator wondered if it might well be a "silly" question. In some sense it is. But the question might also be quite useful if it gets us to think about the nature of the minds/beings asking it.
 

If nothing doesn't exist then why question it?
 "just is"  =

EXISTENCE: IT DOESN?T EXIST
 On the show, I heard ??the intersection of science and philosophy?? Now, there is something that doesn?t ?exist.? Intersection requires commonality, and, if I have tried to express anything in this forum, it is that there is no such intersection commonality, and it is only non-rational belief in ?a faith of explanation? that impels one to impose an overlay of science-talk on philosophy. For example, the devil in talking about ?existence? is the drive for explanation which proposes that a scientific, self-proving definition will suffice, or rather, will satisfy. The fact that two practitioners like our hosts have to stop dead in their tracks when science appears so improbable (Einstein said ?whatever appears to be improbable, probably is?), shows that only philosophy is the way to proceed on the discourse.  The guest said ?Think about what our conception of reality will be in 100 years.? Reality will be the same, it never changes; it is the ?we? that will be different because we will have different beliefs to try to ?explain? reality.
 Philosophers shouldn?t look for scientific evidence or proof; we should not look for explanations, but for illumination. And always ask yourself, first, why do I seem to need an explanation?
 I like the wording ?believe in the Big Bang.? Searching for an implausible explanation for some physical realities, grasping at belief for a somehow satisfying non-rational answer, is probably more social than anything else. Hence, religion.
 To do philosophy re existence: as the hosts indicated, do an activity something like ?gaze out [and reflect rationally] on the wonder of existence.? Wonder is a perfect motivator for doing philosophy. Wonder.

Mr. Cooper,
Kant's square of opposition is 'graphically' clear on this point. But it is also clear that the relation between subject and predicate, if examined with anything like an enquiring attitude, does not really submit to the strict formal rules logicians demand of it, and perennially defy even the most cursory attempt to question. And if being is departure, and the character of that departure, and of the departed, as opportune of the rest of time for the realness of its dissent from the formalism of number and logic, then being and non-being are as essential to each other as the realness of the subject is to the articulacy its attributes are of it. And that, therefore, time is a kind of dissension from that hermetic formalism and that that dissent is why there is something rather than nothing. Put simply, it is better that way. Time (being) is nothing more nor less than an act of departure recognized as the worth of that departure, and always every whit as much nothing (that departure) as it is something (that worth).

This is murky water. But, matters of philosophy are often, uh, murky. Dwells hit upon a big piece of the issue in emphasizing the role of models. Cooper and others offered other aspects of reality and corporeality which contribute to pathways of understanding. Something vs.nothing is an example of the dualism inherent in our human experience: good/bad; just/unjust; right/wrong, etc.(I did not pair evil with good because even when something is not good, it is neither inherently evil)  Cosmology,as a branch of scientific inquiry, is very much a function of the ability of someone (or something, such as God) to have a level of recognition of the fact of cosmology. We can ask the question about the chicken crossing the road, and can probably even agree that said chicken "wanted" to do so, though the "why" of that desire may remain forever illusive. And so, we happen upon the phenomenon of consciousness. A much more sophisticated level of consciousness than that of our friend the chicken. For to recognize that there are "somethings" in the world is a priori meaningful and precursive to a realization that there could be, somewhere, somewhen, an alternate state where there are "no things". Or, perhaps more probably, merely no conscious beings to notice the somethings that do exist. Well, this is a posteriori speculative. But the something/nothing question has been asked for as long as there have been minds well-developed enough realize that it could be asked. Probably for nearly as long as questions about chickens crossing roads. It might just be that after the lion and the elephant, there are turtles---turtles all the way down. Metaphysics
Something and nothing need each other. Why should we think so? Because if Einstein was right about the potential for time travel, we are in for a long ride---no, not you or I, but possibly our children's children's children. Models and patterns, and yes, memes as well. Science fiction evolves into science---more and more everyday.

Richard Feynman, the inventer of quantum mechanics, used to ask his physics classes a question:
If on the surface of the earth we are in a gravity well, and so time is slowed, how far and how fast would you have to go from it to return at an earlier time?
The answer puts the kybosh on time travel. Einstein made a lot of dumb remarks. "Einstein says" is not the gold standard.
If equilibrium only becomes sensible only where it is thrown out of whack, the persistent tendency of its return to equilibrium, and the conditions and reasons of that persistence, may be a less interesting explanation of it than what throws it out of whack.

Thinking cap mislaid? The speed necessary to get us far enough away and back again 'before we left' is so fast time slows down. Result: there is no going back!

The unremarkable thing about the instant replay is that it does not change the past. And the more it does not change the past the more it proves there is no going back.
John Nash was driven mad by his ability to see patterns. Physics is being driven mad by its need to see patterns in the most complete randomness, such as Hawking's 'strings'. But maybe the story is some sense in which the anomaly is more real than the pattern, and more about what the law of being is, and more the reason there is something rather than nothing. Life, they say, is mutation conducing to 'survival'. But that mutation amounts to nothing if the living organism does not utilize it in some new paradigm of being. And even at the most minute randomness there must be some material response through which the pattern is more meaningful thrown off-kilter than sustained for our meager mentality of only recognizing patterns. The departed deserve better of us.
Mike,
A vivid imagination is no substitute for careful reasoning.

Something & nothing: further reflections (QuasiMechanics 101)
If you recall, Kant posited several questions, while forming and refining his philosophy:
1. What can I know?; 2. What must I do?; 3.What may I expect?; and, 4. What is man?
These are as seminal and relevant for our collective enlightenment as they were for his individual quest. Consciousness remains key to unlocking what we can know; peppered of course with a certain amount of luck. We know more than those humans of Kant's era. How much can we know? It depends. What must we do and what may we expect? Discovery and innovation are manageable limits. Physics presents both problems and opportunities, So, we may expect  most anything but must be ready for it. Somehow.
What is man? As a practical matter, setting aside metaphysical, ethereal and supranatural representations, we are man. We are born, develop, live, produce, reproduce, age, and ultimately, die. This is how it works. We have limited control over any of it although the issue of control has improved in many ways. We are at least that smart.
Graham Martin wrote a book some years ago, asking if any of this matters. We kind of have to think so. Purposive delusion is better than no delusion at all. The "somethings" that drive purposiveness would seem to outweigh the nothingness about which we mostly only speculate and philosophize. Or we might (some of us) become cosmologists, devoting studious lives to making something out of nothing at all. Don't let it get you down.
Neuman.

Equilibrium Gary, now you are talking like me! =
As for time travel::
A Time Machine
Imagine yourself in another dimension, a parallel universe somewhere in time. You are watching a football game, sitting on the old couch, eating a hot dog and wondering if they'll ever show the cheerleaders again.
Suddenly, without notice, a loud whistle brings your mind back to the game. There's something happening, wait a minute, the refs have stopped the clock. Wow, they stopped the clock! The men in black and white move to some kind of machine, what could it be? Then BAM! you have traveled back in time. The screen in front of you is showing the history of past events, the game from multiple perceptions. Could it be? How is it possible that we have a time machine but no one knows it? You see the players playing football in the past as real as the present. Well certainly this time machine can not alter the past, you must be imagining things as you are.
You think time machines don't exist but if they did there is a test. If it were truly a time machine it could alter the past and so far that has not happened. Just then, the screen you are watching goes back to the referees and the present, Whew, the time trip is over, had enough anyway. You take another bite of the dog and at the same time the official on the screen announces "after further review we are changing the call." Well you nearly spit Oscar out of your mouth. Did he say they are changing the past. Before you could grasp the full potential of what had just happened, that you had witnessed a time machine that actually exists, the refs start time again by simply swinging their arms. With a huge sigh of relief you are back to the couch, back from the changed past, back to the now..
Stunned but coherent you look down at you watch and wonder if they can do it, why can't I!
=
MJA

"Here?s why the question we started off with is so tricky. If you start off with absolutely nothing?no space, no time, no God, no initial conditions?then how does something magically come into existence from nothing?"
    I think following the reasoning of this sentence is the key, at least for me.  If you start off with "absolute nothing", there's no mechanism in that "nothing" to create the "something" we now see around us.  So, the only possible explanation is that that supposed "absolute nothing" that we're thinking of really wasn't the lack of all "somethings".  Somehow, it's a "something".  If you start with "nothing", I don't think there's any other choice.  How can this be?  My view is to look for a cause and not a purposeful reason, and I think one way is to first think why any "normal" thing (e.g., a book, a car, etc.) exists and then to see if the reason it exists can also be applied to what we've previously visualized as "absolute nothing".  Up front, I think that my previous visualization of "absolute nothing" would be the lack of all energy, matter, volume, space, time, thoughts, concepts, mathematical truths, laws of physics, etc.; as well as the lack of all minds to think about this supposed ?absolute lack-of-all?.
    I think that a thing exists if it's a grouping defining what is contained within (e.g., the surface of a book, the definition of what elements are contained in a set, the mental/neural construct called the concept of love defines what other mental constructs are contained in it, etc.).  The grouping is equivalent to an edge or boundary that gives substance and existence to the thing.  Try to imagine a book without a surface defining what is contained within.   By this, if there is a grouping defining what is contained within, this grouping is an existent entity.  Now, applying this to the question "Why is there something rather than nothing?", if we consider what we've traditionally thought of as ?the absolute lack-of-all? (no energy, matter, volume, space, time, thoughts, concepts, mathematical truths, etc.; and no minds to think about this ?absolute lack-of-all?), and not our mind's conception of ?the absolute lack-of-all?, this "absolute lack-of-all" would be the entirety, or whole amount, of all that is present.  That's it; that's everything; there's nothing else; it would be everything that is present.  It is the all.  An entirety, whole amount or an "all" is a grouping defining what is contained within and is therefore an existent entity. In other words, because the absolute lack-of-all is the entirety of all that is present, it functions as both what is contained within and the grouping defining what is contained within. It defines itself and is, therefore, the beginning point in the chain of being able to define existent entities in terms of other existent entities. The grouping/edge of the absolute lack-of-all is not some separate thing; it is just the "entirety", "the all" relationship, inherent in this absolute lack-of-all, that defines what is contained within.    
 
    A couple of things I've run up against in thinking about this are:

1.) It's very easy to confuse the mind's conception of "non-existence" with "non-existence" itself, in which neither the mind nor anything else is present.  Because our minds exist, our mind's conception of "non-existence" is dependent on existence; that is, we must define "non-existence" as the lack of existence (this is why, to the mind, non-existence just looks like nothing at all).  But, "non-existence" itself, and not our mind's conception of "non-existence", does not have this requirement; it is independent of our mind, and of existence, and of being defined as the lack of existence.  "Non-existence" is on its own and, on its own, completely describes the entirety of what is there and is thus an existent entity;
2.) Some might say that in the above, just by using the word "nothing", I'm reifying, or giving existence to, something that's not there at all.  But, this ignores the point about our mind's conception of "nothing" (and therefore the use of the word "nothing") being different than "nothing" itself in which no minds are present.  It also ignores the fact that in order to even discuss the topic, we have have to talk about "nothing" as if it's a thing.  It's okay to do this; our talking about it won't affect whether or not "nothing" itself, and not our mind's conception of "nothing", exists. That is, we're not reifying "nothing" itself by talking about it because our talking wouldn't even be there in the case of "nothing" itself.  
  What is all of this good for? Like all proposed solutions to the question "Why is there something rather than nothing?", I can never prove the above  because I can never actually directly see whether the "absolute lack-of-all" is an existent entity, but what I can do is to use the above thinking to develop a model of the universe and eventually make testable predictions. This assertion is based on the thinking that because the hypothesis proposed here is about the most fundamental of existent entities, because the universe exists and seems to be composed of existent entities, and because physics is the study of how the universe works, then the laws of physics and of the universe should be derivable from the properties of the fundamental existent entity proposed here. I refer to this type of thinking as a metaphysics-to-physics approach or philosophical engineering. I believe that using this type of thinking, physicists and philosophers would be able to make faster progress towards a deeper understanding of the universe than by using the more top-down approach they currently use.  This method also seems to be a way to merge the often fighting camps of physics and philosophy.
    If anyone's actually read this far, I've got more at my websites at:
https://sites.google.com/site/whydoesanythingexist/
(4 page summary)

https://sites.google.com/site/ralphthewebsite/
(click on 3rd link.   This one is longer and has more philosophical stuff)
 
    Thanks for listening!
                                                                           Roger

I will always only be a something grasping at nothing?

Nothing is?
'Edge and boundary'? Is being a Venn diagram? A category? A spatial inclusion? No exit? What happens to the subjunctive? You might do well to take a look at Plato's Parmenides, or Heidegger's Intro to Metaphysics.
Harry, are you referring to The Architecture of Experience?

Congratulations on the Templeton. I'd say that counts for something, which, in this and most cases means much more than nothing. Don't let anyone tell you different.
Neuman.

Thanks, Neuman!

I'm just listening to the podcast of "Why is there something rather than nothing."
I see that John is fond of the Fugs--not the first time I've heard the Fugs on a Philosophy Talk podcast.
A bit of deja-vu feeling coming on, so pardon me if I've mentioned this before, but the song "Nothing" sung by the Fugs is based on an old Yiddish song called "Potatoes"(Bulbes)--(Sunday, potatoes, Monday, potatoes; Tuesday, Wednesday potatoes, etc). It's a comic lament about the lack of variety in the diet. Tuli Kupferberg changed the refrain to "Nothing" and it is amazingly fit for the tune and the character of the original song.
I'm a Fugs fan from way back, so always very glad to see & hear them referenced, especially in a philosophical context!

Bored with spuds? Never!
When we say anything 'is' we are differentiating quite as much as we are uniting. It is as critical to the meaning of the proposition that the subject is as different from the predicate as attributed of it. But that difference hangs a pall over our inferences from that proposition as its antecedent. Is that pall nothing? What nothingness is? Heidegger, for all his atrocious personal attributes and political views, was quite right when he claims the issue of reason is the question of the meaning of 'being'. If there is a pall on every proposition that differs that meaning with every inference, then ignoring that question, leaving it unasked, renders reason nothing, nihilism. But the question requires an act, a loss of that conceit that we know what it means to be. And that act enables a response that is freed in the character of that loss from that conceit. But none of us, alone, can be both that act and that response. Asking the meaning of being is motivated by the need each of us is of that freedom enabled through that act of loss completed as that freedom that is not its own. It is the drama of this act and response that is the genesis of language. It is how we can know what we mean and persist in the conceit that we have a right to be understood in our own terms, in ignoring the question of the meaning of being. We are psychologically bound to such ignorance, but we are biologically committed to the question, in recognition that nothing is our end. But if that end enables the rest of time to be freed of that conceit of untroubled being and facile discourse, and is that freedom in that character of loss each of us is of it, then the character of each person, and the characterology of that drama of act and response, is far from nothing. It is why there is something rather than nothing. Or, at least, why there is something human and personal, rather than dead matter. But even beyond quarks and whatever it is Hawking means by 'strings' [really just the implacable ignorance of their meaning of being that ceaselessly erects frameworks and patterns, geometry and laws around what is freer than that, like the gambling addict that convinces himself he is on a streak and will not be talked out of it, though the facts show that such 'patterns' are wishful thinking] there is something more real than the relentless need we have to impose limits on it. No, it is not nothing. But it is nothing alone. It is the act of loss that what responds freed in the character of the loss of it is completed in that character, and so is what being is. Facile or conventional terms do not suffice.

Thanks for that funny tidbit, Rachel! I'll pass it on to John.

Nice share. I think your website write my essay should come up much higher in the search results than where it is showing up right now?.
 

Something, anything, nothing, these are not being, they are logical quantifiers. The perplexity of being is not a nicety of logic, it is the mystery of agency. But no god can answer it, because the agency required is absence, absence that enables the rest of time to play out fully the character, and worth, of that loss. But if we look to gods or quantifiers for the answer we will miss the moment of it. The meaning of being is that moment, and that is why being is better than nothing.

Gary:

The Architecture of Experience? I am not familiar with what that is. Is it a work of physics; a notion of symmetry/structure; a philosophical treatise (either old or new); or something else? Many (if not most) of the things I offer in comments on this blog are either original ideas of mine or intents to expound or expand upon ideas/tenets/notions I have encountered since becoming interested in philosophy; physics; and other interconnected facets of human endeavors. There is much I have read---much I have yet to learn, and less time than I would like to pursue it all. Well, why don't I just Google it? Sure, and yes I will. Thanks!
Neuman.

oops. The Google search proved daunting. 593,000,000 results in 0.68 seconds (or thereabouts). Well, the piece from the Harvard Gazette? Was that what you meant? Interesting and informative-probably worthwhile from a developmental standpoint, but not necessarily germane to the something/nothing duality. Sounds more along the lines of the memetics discussion we have been discussing on that PT post, hmmm? Or perhaps you are alluding to something entirely different? Now you've got me wondering. Please advise.
Neuman.

Harry,
You brought up a text by Graham Martin. I was asking if the book I mentioned was the one you were referring to. I was throwing an olive branch, actually, not assigning you homework. But when I do recommend a text it is intended to be pertinent, not to waste other people's time. I didn't google Graham Martin, I did a search at ABE Books, a great resource for readers on a limited budget.

They say be careful what you ask. This is doubly true of philosophers. On closer inspection, you say that Martin, not you, is asking if any of this matters, at which you say, "we kind of have to think so". Is this the kind of have to Kant meant? I kind of think not, but I don't dare ask, because I don't know what you're saying. Does matter matter? Does it have to? We must be careful what we say, it might just matter. But, other than a venal rat with a love of slop and fortunate in his friends, what is a Templeton?

Sartre said we are "a useless passion". Said better, I think. We have a passion for boundaries definitions and delineations, as if needed to clarify the chaos that reality is. This may be helpful to keep us thinking we are getting somewhere, but if we really are going somewhere we have never been before, it is indeed useless. Unless, of course, its only meaning is to help us recognize we are not where we thought we'd be. Being is a disciplined differing. The discipline is the passion for purpose boundary and constancy of thought. But if differing is the end, its only use is to help us recognize discontinuity. And if that discontinuity is the final term of the discipline of continuity, it must be more real. It is what alters the condition of being real that is the engine of what is. From quarks to quirks.
Harry,
I understand how you feel when you suppose I am ignoring your own ideas by referencing them to other texts. Half a century ago I almost came to blows with an instructor on this point. But if you think you are being original, or just want to keep the discussion to the views you are expressing, you have some responsibility to scour the literature to see if you are being as original as you suppose. Otherwise it becomes ambiguous whether you are asserting a passion for ideas or for self[expression]. Ideas are shared to help us set each other free, not to bind us in agreement with each other. And if not borne of our needing each other free we are a useless passion indeed!

Please read this website, it might explain why there is something rather than nothing:

https://sites.google.com/view/whatisconsciousness/

A proper question should have a legitimate basis.
It is not clear to me that the question, "Why is there something rather than nothing," has a legitimate basis.

I am of the opinion that any question is a request for information, and that if the questioner does not have a clear idea of what would count as a satisfactory answer, his or her question should be dismissed as illegitimate.

At a very tender age, I discovered the power of asking "Why?" My father put a high value on education, which led him to encourage me to ask why something was so. He very much enjoyed explaining what he had learned about geography, biology, meteorology, and other subjects he had studied in college. At that point in my childhood, I was still an only child; my sister would not arrive for another few years. I loved my father's attention, and I learned I could usually get it by asking "Why?"

But eventually my father figured out that sometimes I was asking the question with a genuine desire for information and at other times I was only asking in order to keep him talking. After he had thoroughly explained why something was the case, I would still ask, "But why?" Finally he learned to shut down the discussion. "Why is a cat?" he would ask. I had no idea what that reply, in the form of a question, meant, other than that he was through talking and would at that point start ignoring my illegitimate use of "Why?"

In the case of "Why is there something rather than nothing?" I always get the decided impression that those who ask it (and outside the precincts of professional philosophy, there aren't many) do not have a clear idea what sort of answer might satisfy them. And that, for me, is an indication that the question is not legitimate.
I could give a clever answer: "So that you could annoy people with that question." But so far, I have refrained, because obviously they would let me know that my answer didn't satisfy them. Nobody's answer satisfies them. That's another thing that makes the question seem illegitimate to me. No answer would bring them satisfaction, because their satisfaction comes from making others try to come up with an answer, then rejecting it as unsatisfactory.

But to address the question seriously, and directly, I would suggest that 'nothing' is a word that has no defining content. It is not an indicator of content in the way that 'bird,' 'mountain,' or 'planet' are indicators of content. 'Nothing' is a denial of all content. But for there to even be such a denial, there first has to be a denier, and if a denier exists, then clearly something exists. So the very function, linguistically, of the word 'nothing' (and all its synonyms in other languages) demands the existence of something. Only because something exists can we even invent the term 'nothing,' which then enables us to at least try to imagine the difference it would make if nothing existed. We can't, really, but at least the term gives us a formal pretence of trying, by asking the question "Why is there something rather than nothing?"

Driving the point home, "Nothing exists" is internally at odds with itself, not only logically, but semantically. If the "nothing" in "Nothing exists," had any content at all, then it would follow that something--namely, that content--existed. The so-called proposition "Nothing exists" is therefore self-contradictory and devoid of content. It is, in short, only a pseudo-proposition. And that is why something--not much, but something--has to exist rather than nothing: It has to exist for the term "nothing" to have a function, let alone a meaning.

I believe that there is another level of being, either inside or outside our universe, in which eternity is understandable. Our minds, even the most brilliant, by human logic are prohibited from comprehending eternity. The impossibility of providing a plausible explanation of "the beginning" or of why we (or anything, for that matter) exists is what continually draws me to believe that God exists.

Pretty sure things exist. If I did not, you would not be reading this right now. Today. Here. Sure, you might conceivably read it from a future entry to an archive, but that would after I either became famous; became dust; or both. Today, on another blog, a philosopher mentioned a Big Picture. The new revision of this has been published. The aforementioned philosopher wrote of The Great Endarkenment. I think he is aware of my assertion concerning complexity. Others in the rarefied atmosphere of philosophy at least know of the idea I have set forth. Well, we shall see if the notion gains any traction, before I get an opportunity to have it publicized as my own.

The analogy of the chicken crossing the road effectively illustrates among us the difference between seeking reasons and causes. The chicken's desire to get to the other side represents its reasons, while the causal mechanisms behind its movement are not part of its reasons.

Scientifically, the question is connected melon playground to the origins of the universe. Cosmology explores the Big Bang theory and other hypotheses about the creation of the cosmos. However, these scientific explanations usually focus on how, not necessarily why.

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